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Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (''cives''),〔The form of Roman marriage called ''conubium'', for instance, requires that both spouses be citizens; like men from towns granted ''civitas sine suffragio'', women (at least those eligible for ''conubium'') were citizens without suffrage. The legal status of a mother as a citizen affected her son's citizenship. All Roman citizens recognized as such by law did not hold equal rights and privileges, particularly in regard to holding high office. See ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'' following, and A.N. Sherwin-White, ''Roman Citizenship'' (Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 211 and 268 (online ) (on male citizenship as it relates to marrying citizen women) ''et passim''. The phrase ''ex duobus civibus Romanis natos'' ("children born of two Roman citizens") indicates that a Roman woman was regarded as having citizen status, in specific contrast to a ''peregrina''.〕 but could not vote or hold political office.〔Bruce W. Frier and Thomas A.J. McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'' (Oxford University Press: American Philological Association, 2004), pp. 31–32, 457, ''et passim''.〕 Because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by Roman historians. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influence through private negotiations.〔Kristina Milnor, "Women in Roman Historiography," in ''The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Historians'' (Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 278; Ann Ellis Hanson, "The Restructuring of Female Physiology at Rome," in ''Les écoles médicales à Rome: Actes du 2ème Colloque international sur les textes médicaux latins antiques, Lausanne, septembre 1986'' (Université de Nantes, 1991), p. 256.〕 Exceptional women who left an undeniable mark on history range from the semi-legendary Lucretia and Claudia Quinta, whose stories took on mythic significance; fierce Republican-era women such as Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, and Fulvia, who commanded an army and issued coins bearing her image; women of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, most prominently Livia, who contributed to the formation of Imperial ''mores''; and the empress Helena, a driving force in promoting Christianity.〔Unless otherwise noted, this introductory overview is based on Beryl Rawson, "Finding Roman Women," in ''A Companion to the Roman Republic'' (Blackwell, 2010), p. 325.〕 As is the case with male members of society, elite women and their politically significant deeds eclipse those of lower status in the historical record. Inscriptions and especially epitaphs document the names of a wide range of women throughout the Roman Empire, but often tell little else about them. Some vivid snapshots of daily life are preserved in Latin literary genres such as comedy, satire, and poetry, particularly the poems of Catullus and Ovid, which offer glimpses of women in Roman dining rooms and boudoirs, at sporting and theatrical events, shopping, putting on makeup, practicing magic, worrying about pregnancy — all, however, through male eyes.〔Kelly Olson, "The Appearance of the Young Roman Girl," in ''Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture'' (University of Toronto Press, 2008), p. 139.〕 The published letters of Cicero, for instance, reveal informally how the self-proclaimed great man interacted on the domestic front with his wife Terentia and daughter Tullia, as his speeches demonstrate through disparagement the various ways Roman women could enjoy a free-spirited sexual and social life.〔In reference to his character assassination of the notorious Clodia; see ''Pro Caelio''.〕 The one major public role reserved solely for women was in the sphere of religion: the priestly office of the Vestals. Freed of any obligation to marry or have children, the Vestals devoted themselves to the study and correct observance of rituals which were deemed necessary for the security and survival of Rome but which could not be performed by the male colleges of priests.〔For an extensive modern consideration of the Vestals, see Ariadne Staples, ''From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion'' (Routledge, 1998).〕 ==Childhood and education== Roman children played a number of games, and their toys are known from archaeology and literary sources. Girls are depicted in Roman art as playing many of the same games as boys, such as ball, hoop-rolling, and knucklebones. Dolls are sometimes found in the tombs of those who died before adulthood. The figures are typically 15–16 cm tall (about half the height of a Barbie doll), with jointed limbs, and made of materials such as wood, terracotta, and especially bone and ivory. Girls coming of age dedicated their dolls to Diana, the goddess most concerned with girlhood, or to Venus when they were preparing for marriage.〔Beryl Rawson, ''Children and Childhood in Roman Italy'' (Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 128, citing Persius 2.70 and the related scholion, and p. 48 on Diana. Rome lacked the elaborate puberty rites for girls that were practiced in ancient Greece (p. 145).〕 Some and perhaps many girls went to a public primary school. Ovid and Martial imply that boys and girls were educated either together or similarly, and Livy takes it for granted that the daughter of a centurion would be in school.〔Rawson, ''Children and Childhood in Roman Italy'', pp. 197-198〕 Children of the elite were taught Greek as well as Latin from an early age.〔Janine Assa, ''The Great Roman Ladies'' (New York, 1960), p. 50.〕 Children of both genders learned to behave socially by attending dinner parties and other events. Girls as well as boys participated in religious festivals; both girls and boys sang formal compositions in choirs, for instance, at the Secular Games in 17 BCE.〔Rawson, ''Children and Childhood in Roman Italy'', p. 198.〕 Among the upper classes, women seem to have been well-educated, some highly so, and were sometimes praised by the male historians for their learning and cultivation.〔Beryl Rawson, "The Roman Family," in ''The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives'' (Cornell University Press, 1986), pp. 30, 40–41.〕 Cornelia Metella, the young wife of Pompey the Great at the time of his death, was distinguished for her musicianship and her knowledge of geometry, literature, and philosophy.〔Plutarch, ''Life of Pompey'' 55 LacusCurtius (edition. )〕 This degree of learning indicates formal preparation. But because women took no official part in public life, the lives of boys and girls began to diverge dramatically after they formally came of age,〔Rawson, "The Roman Family," p. 40.〕 and memorials to women recognize their domestic qualities far more often than intellectual achievements.〔Rawson, ''Children and Childhood in Roman Italy'', p. 45.〕 The skills a Roman matron needed to run a household required training, and mothers probably passed on their knowledge to their daughters in a manner appropriate to their station in life, given the emphasis in Roman society on traditionalism (''mos maiorum'').〔Rawson, ''Children and Childhood in Roman Italy'', p. 197.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Women in ancient Rome」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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